A question that I have been asked just too frequently over the days,is an insight into types of fats.We are frequently confused by the terms saturated ,unsaturated and trans fatty acids.Lets understand the various types of fat structures. Unsaturated Fats 1) Polyunsaturated Fat : The main sources of polyunsaturated fats are seeds, nuts, grains, and vegetables. Polyunsaturated fat is usually in a liquid state at room temperature and also when chilled. It lowers the overall cholesterol level, but it also reduces HDL or good cholesterol. Recommended daily allowances of polyunsaturated fats should be part of a balanced diet, but some tests have shown that high consumption may actually be damaging to the digestion and nervous systems, so moderation is the key for a balanced and healthy diet. Omega-3 fatty acid is a type of polyunsaturated fat that is especially healthy. Omega-3 fatty acids help to reduce the risk of heart disease, lower blood pressure, guard against plaque buildup in the arteries, and aid in brain development. It is found in some plant oils and in the tissues of all sea creatures. Among the plant oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids are flax seed, canola, and soybean oil. Fish that are particularly high in omega-3 are sardines, herring, tuna, and salmon. 2) Monounsaturated Fat : Most animal and vegetable fats contain monounsaturated fat, but in varying quantities. It is usually in liquid form at room temperature, but it may begin to solidify if it is chilled. Monounsaturated fat is the most desirable type of fat in the diet because it helps to decrease the LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood and helps to increase the HDL (good) cholesterol. Good sources of monounsaturated fat are olive oil, macadamia nut oil, canola oil, peanut oil, and most nuts. Saturated Fats 1) Saturated Fat: Animal meats, butter, whole milk, and some tropical plant oils, such as palm and coconut, are the main sources of saturated fat, which is the least healthy type of fat. Saturated fat raises the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol, which causes numerous health problems if consumed in large quantities. Most saturated fats are solid at room temperature. 2) Trans-fatty Acid : Trans-fatty acid, also known as trans-fat, is formed when hydrogen is added to vegetable oil in order to change the liquid oil into a solid at room temperature. This process is known as hydrogenation, which also transforms the unsaturated fats of the liquid oils into saturated fat. Like saturated fat, trans-fat may raise blood cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart related diseases. Many shortenings, margarine, and commercially baked goods are high in trans-fatty acids. One advantage that hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats have is that they are less likely to turn rancid, which is very beneficial to the commercial food industry in creating foods with a longer shelf life. As with any type of food containing saturated fat, foods containing hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fat should be enjoyed in moderation in order to maintain a balanced and healthy diet.
Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behavior. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction—that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume their productive lives. This story was printed in February 2005 in The New York Times Magazine by writer David Sheff. His eldest son, Nick, claimed that he was "searching for methamphetamine his entire life" and for many years battled an addiction to this destructive drug. As Nick zigzags in and out of recovery, Sheff reflects on his son's life and how he got to where he is today. (read the complete story)
What is drug addiction?
Addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences to the individual that is addicted and to those around them. Drug addiction is a brain disease because the abuse of drugs leads to changes in the structure and function of the brain. Although it is true that for most people the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary, over time the changes in the brain caused by repeated drug abuse can affect a person’s self control and ability to make sound decisions, and at the same time send intense impulses to take drugs.
It is because of these changes in the brain that it is so challenging for a person who is addicted to stop abusing drugs. Fortunately, there are treatments that help people to counteract addiction’s powerful disruptive effects and regain control. Research shows that combining addiction treatment medications, if available, with behavioral therapy is the best way to ensure success for most patients. Treatment approaches that are tailored to each patient’s drug abuse patterns and any co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and social problems can lead to sustained recovery and a life without drug abuse.
Similar to other chronic, relapsing diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease, drug addiction can be managed successfully. And, as with other chronic diseases, it is not uncommon for a person to relapse and begin abusing drugs again. Relapse, however, does not signal failure—rather, it indicates that treatment should be reinstated, adjusted, or that alternate treatment is needed to help the individual regain control and recover.
What happens to your brain when you take drugs?
Drugs are chemicals that tap into the brain’s communication system and disrupt the way nerve cells normally send, receive, and process information.
There are at least two ways that drugs are able to do this:
1) by imitating the brain’s natural chemical messengers, and/or
2) by overstimulating the “reward circuit” of the brain. Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, have a similar structure to chemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, which are naturally produced by the brain. Because of this similarity, these drugs are able to “fool” the brain’s receptors and activate nerve cells to send abnormal messages.Other drugs, such as cocaine or methamphetamine, can cause the nerve cells to release abnormally large amounts of natural neurotransmitters, or prevent the normal recycling of these brain chemicals, which is needed to shut off the signal between neurons. This disruption produces a greatly amplified message that ultimately disrupts normal communication patterns.
Nearly all drugs, directly or indirectly, target the brain’s reward system by flooding the circuit with dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that control movement, emotion, motivation, and feelings of pleasure. The overstimulation of this system, which normally responds to natural behaviors that are linked to survival (eating, spending time with loved ones, etc), produces euphoric effects in response to the drugs. This reaction sets in motion a pattern that “teaches” people to repeat the behavior of abusing drugs.
As a person continues to abuse drugs, the brain adapts to the overwhelming surges in dopamine by producing less dopamine or by reducing the number of dopamine receptors in the reward circuit. As a result, dopamine’s impact on the reward circuit is lessened, reducing the abuser’s ability to enjoy the drugs and the things that previously brought pleasure. This decrease compels those addicted to drugs to keep abusing drugs in order to attempt to bring their dopamine function back to normal. And, they may now require larger amounts of the drug than they first did to achieve the dopamine high—an effect known as tolerance.
Long-term abuse causes changes in other brain chemical systems and circuits as well. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that influences the reward circuit and the ability to learn. When the optimal concentration of glutamate is altered by drug abuse, the brain attempts to compensate, which can impair cognitive function. Drugs of abuse facilitate nonconscious (conditioned) learning, which leads the user to experience uncontrollable cravings when they see a place or person they associate with the drug experience, even when the drug itself is not available. Brain imaging studies of drug-addicted individuals show changes in areas of the brain that are critical to judgment, decisionmaking, learning and memory, and behavior control. Together, these changes can drive an abuser to seek out and take drugs compulsively despite adverse consequences—in other words, to become addicted to drugs.
Why do some people become addicted, while others do not?
No single factor can predict whether or not a person will become addicted to drugs. Risk for addiction is influenced by a person’s biology, social environment, and age or stage of development. The more risk factors an individual has, the greater the chance that taking drugs can lead to addiction. For example:
Biology. The genes that people are born with––in combination with environmental influences––account for about half of their addiction vulnerability. Additionally, gender, ethnicity, and the presence of other mental disorders may influence risk for drug abuse and addiction.
Environment. A person’s environment includes many different influences––from family and friends to socioeconomic status and quality of life in general. Factors such as peer pressure, physical and sexual abuse, stress, and parental involvement can greatly influence the course of drug abuse and addiction in a person’s life.
Development. Genetic and environmental factors interact with critical developmental stages in a person’s life to affect addiction vulnerability, and adolescents experience a double challenge. Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it is to progress to more serious abuse. And because adolescents’ brains are still developing in the areas that govern decisionmaking, judgment, and self-control, they are especially prone to risk-taking behaviors, including trying drugs of abuse.
What drugs can cause addiction?
People can become addicted to illegal drugs and to drugs that doctors prescribe. People can also become addicted to things they may not think of as drugs, such as alcohol and the nicotine in cigarettes or smokeless tobacco. Some drugs may cause addiction more easily than others.Most frequently abused drugs include:
When prescription drugs are taken the right way, there is much less chance that you will become addicted to them. But prescription drugs can be dangerous if they are abused (for example, taking more than your doctor prescribes, taking them when they're not needed or mixing drugs).
How do I know if I have a problem?
You have a problem with drugs or alcohol if you continue to use them even when they cause problems with your health, money, work or school, or relationships. You may have a problem if you have developed a tolerance to drugs or alcohol. This means you need to use more and more to get the same effect.Listen to loved ones who express concern over your drug use. They may help you recognize that you have a problem.
Can addiction be treated?
Yes, but addiction is a chronic (goes on for a long time), relapsing disease. It may take a number of attempts before you can remain free of drugs or alcohol.
What treatments are available?
Treatment can include counseling, medication or both. Your doctor will help you find the treatment that is right for you.
How can I quit abusing drugs or alcohol?
The first step in breaking addiction is to understand that you can take control of what you do. You can't control all the things that happen in your life or most of what other people do, but you do have control over how you react. So use that control. The following are the next steps to breaking your addiction:
Commit to quitting. Once you decide to quit, make a plan to be sure that you really do it.
Get help from your doctor. Your doctor can give you support and help you find a treatment program that meets your needs. Your doctor can also treat withdrawal symptoms and other problems that you may have as you recover from your addiction.
Get support. Ask your family and friends for support. You can also contact one of the organizations listed under "Other Organizations. "These groups can give you the tools and support you need to break your addiction and move on with your life.
Prevention is the Key
Drug addiction is a preventable disease. Results have shown that prevention programs that involve the family, schools, communities, and the media are effective in reducing drug abuse. Although many events and cultural factors affect drug abuse trends, when youths perceive drug abuse as harmful, they reduce their drug taking. It is necessary, therefore, to help youth and the general public to understand the risks of drug abuse and for teachers, parents, and healthcare professionals to keep sending the message that drug addiction can be prevented if a person never abuses drugs.
For more information on prevention, please visit :
What is chronic pain? Pain that continues for 3 months or longer is considered chronic. Pain is your body's way of telling you that something is wrong. While it is normal for your body to send pain signals when you are injured or ill, pain that lingers after an illness or injury is not normal. With chronic pain, the pain continues for weeks, months, or years after you recover. Some people develop chronic pain out of the blue, with no injury or illness to trigger pain signals.
Chronic pain can occur anywhere in your body and can range from mild and annoying to pain so severe that it interferes with your mood and ability to function.
Anyone can develop chronic pain. Although it is more common in older adults, it is not a normal part of aging. Older adults are more likely to have long-term medical conditions linked to ongoing pain, such as diabetes or arthritis.
What causes chronic pain?
The cause of chronic pain is not clear. It is possible that certain brain chemicals that usually suppress pain may not work properly. Chronic pain occurs when pain signals continue after you recover from an illness or injury. It can also develop without a known trigger.
What are the symptoms?
Common symptoms of chronic pain include:
* Mild to severe pain that does not go away in an expected amount of time. * Pain that may be described as shooting, burning, aching, or electrical. * Discomfort, soreness, tightness, or stiffness.
What other problems can chronic pain cause?
Over time, pain can lead to fatigue, depression, and withdrawal from social and physical activities. The emotional distress may make your pain worse. Your immune system may weaken, leading to frequent infections and illness. You may have so much pain that you become unable to go to work or school or to function in your daily life.
How is chronic pain diagnosed?
Chronic pain is usually diagnosed by your medical history. Your health professional will ask about your past illnesses and your overall health. He or she will also give you a physical exam.
'Before a diagnosis is made, tests may be done to rule out or identify other conditions that can cause pain. These tests may include a neurological exam, blood tests, and a mental health assessment. In most cases, test results are normal, making it difficult to know the exact cause of the pain. This does not mean that your pain is not real.
How is it treated? Mild or occasional pain can be treated at home. Exercising, getting enough sleep, eating a healthy diet, using nonprescription pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and trying complementary therapies such as massage and yoga may help reduce chronic pain.
Talk to your health professional if your pain persists or becomes more severe. Medications, acupuncture, injections of local anesthetic, nerve stimulation, and surgery are treatments for some types of chronic pain. In addition, counseling may help you cope with the pain and with common reactions you might have to it such as frustration, fear, anger, depression, and anxiety. Chronic pain often can be successfully managed so that your quality of life significantly improves.
Have you or anyone know to you been suffering from chronic pain ?
1) A lump or a thickening in the breast or in the armpit: Some lumps or swelling in the breast tissue may be due to hormonal changes. But if a lump or thickening persists, whether it is in the breast or in the armpit area, it may be a cause for concern. Swelling in the armpit, where the lymph nodes are located, may indicate that the body is fighting an invasion. A lump in the breast tissue may indicate a cyst, or it may indicate a problem in the duct or the lobes. See your doctor or nurse practitioner for a screening. 2) A change in size or shape of the mature breast: If a mature breast changes size or shape, and especially if only one breast is changing, it may signal that milk ducts or the lobes deeper within the breast are swelling. This could be due to fibrocystic or regular monthly hormonal cycles. If the changes are not in step with regular periodical changes, consult a health professional and get an exam. Having a baseline mammogram can help you and your doctor keep track of changes with accuracy. 3) Fluid (not milk) leaking from the nipple:
Between ages 41 - 58, there may be a small bit of non-bloody leakage from the nipples of both breasts. This leakage is usually due to hormonal changes and is not worrisome. However, if the fluid is leaking from only one nipple, is a new discharge, or is bloody, there are several tests that can be done to discover what is causing it. Ask your doctor for a professional opinion on your next steps.
4) Change in size or shape of the nipple:
Changes in body weight, or natural changes that come with age may affect the size or shape of the nipples. However, if a nipple retracts (pulls in) and does not easily return to its normal shape, see your doctor or a nurse practitioner for a manual exam. If there is a problem with the milk ducts which are just below the surface of the nipple and areola, then having a diagnostic mammogram or ultrasound can help diagnose the trouble. 5) Changes of color, shape or texture of the nipple or the areola: If you observe dimples, puckers, or a rash on the skin of the nipple or the areola, (darker skin that surrounds the nipple) and these symptoms persist, or do not respond well to treatment creams, check with your doctor to determine what action to take. One unusual type of breast cancer is called Paget's disease, and starts out in the form of a rash. When caught and dealt with at an early stage, this is a very curable condition. 6) Unusual pain in the breast or in the armpit: Know your cyclical pains, and note if breast pain occurs in tune with the monthly period, and in both breasts. While uncomfortable, if it is normal to you, it may not be worrisome. But if you have pain which occurs off-cycle or in only one breast or armpit, get it checked out. Keeping a good record of your cycles will help you understand hormonal changes in your breasts, and also helps your doctor and nurse determine what may be happening in your body. 7) Everything is Connected: Our bodies go through cycles and changes, some of which are due to age, weight gain or loss, hormones, medications, pregnancy, stress, or changes in diet. Some of us are very aware of living in our bodies, while others of us live more in our minds or in our emotions. In order to have and keep our health, it's good to be aware of our body and its rhythms. Just as getting a toothache can seem to make your entire head hurt, or pulling a muscle in your leg causes you to limp and throws you off balance, finding a change in your breast affects your overall health and may signal a need to get a checkup or a diagnostic screening. Knowing your body's normal changes helps you deal wisely with your health. Regular communication with your health care team can allay fears and help you raise your defenses against disease.
Carrying out Self Breast Examination can help an early diagnosis. Experts Say,"The biggest misconception about mammography is that it picks up every breast cancer. In fact, mammography misses at least 10 percent of breast cancer. So if you feel a lump that doesn't show up on a mammogram, bring it to your doctor's attention. Get it evaluated."
Research has shown that women with certain risk factors are more likely than others to develop breast cancer. A risk factor is something that may increase the chance of developing a disease.
Studies have found the following risk factors for breast cancer:
* Age:
The chance of getting breast cancer goes up as a woman gets older. Most cases of breast cancer occur in women over 60. This disease is not common before menopause.
* Personal history of breast cancer:
A woman who had breast cancer in one breast has an increased risk of getting cancer in her other breast.
* Family history:
A woman's risk of breast cancer is higher if her mother, sister, or daughter had breast cancer. The risk is higher if her family member got breast cancer before age 40. Having other relatives with breast cancer (in either her mother's or father's family) may also increase a woman's risk.
* Certain breast changes:
Some women have cells in the breast that look abnormal under a microscope. Having certain types of abnormal cells (atypical hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ [LCIS]) increases the risk of breast cancer.
* Gene changes:
Changes in certain genes increase the risk of breast cancer. These genes include BRCA1, BRCA2, and others. Tests can sometimes show the presence of specific gene changes in families with many women who have had breast cancer.
Health care providers may suggest ways to try to reduce the risk of breast cancer, or to improve the detection of this disease in women who have these changes in their genes. NCI offers publications on gene testing.
* Reproductive and menstrual history:
- The older a woman is when she has her first child, the greater her chance of breast cancer. - Women who had their first menstrual period before age 12 are at an increased risk of breast cancer. - Women who went through menopause after age 55 are at an increased risk of breast cancer. - Women who never had children are at an increased risk of breast cancer. - Women who take menopausal hormone therapy with estrogen plus progestin after menopause also appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer. - Large, well-designed studies have shown no link between abortion or miscarriage and breast cancer.
* Race:
Breast cancer is diagnosed more often in white women than Latina, Asian, or African American women.
* Radiation therapy to the chest:
Women who had radiation therapy to the chest (including breasts) before age 30 are at an increased risk of breast cancer. This includes women treated with radiation for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Studies show that the younger a woman was when she received radiation treatment, the higher her risk of breast cancer later in life.
* Breast density:
Breast tissue may be dense or fatty. Older women whose mammograms (breast x-rays) show more dense tissue are at increased risk of breast cancer.
* Taking DES (diethylstilbestrol):
DES was given to some pregnant women in the United States between about 1940 and 1971. (It is no longer given to pregnant women.) Women who took DES during pregnancy may have a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. The possible effects on their daughters are under study.
* Being overweight or obese after menopause:
The chance of getting breast cancer after menopause is higher in women who are overweight or obese.
* Lack of physical activity:
Women who are physically inactive throughout life may have an increased risk of breast cancer. Being active may help reduce risk by preventing weight gain and obesity.
* Drinking alcohol:
Studies suggest that the more alcohol a woman drinks, the greater her risk of breast cancer. Other possible risk factors are under study. Researchers are studying the effect of diet, physical activity, and genetics on breast cancer risk. They are also studying whether certain substances in the environment can increase the risk of breast cancer.
Many risk factors can be avoided. Others, such as family history, cannot be avoided. Women can help protect themselves by staying away from known risk factors whenever possible.
But it is also important to keep in mind that most women who have known risk factors do not get breast cancer. Also, most women with breast cancer do not have a family history of the disease. In fact, except for growing older, most women with breast cancer have no clear risk factors.
If you think you may be at risk, you should discuss this concern with your doctor. Your doctor may be able to suggest ways to reduce your risk and can plan a schedule for checkups.
Many of us have had the flu at least once in our lives, some much more than others, but not many of us know exactly what the flu is. Sure, we know that it causes us to miss school or work, and we know that it causes aches and pains, but why is that? This section will discuss the flu, so you can learn why you get it, when you’re most likely to get it and how to tell when it’s not the flu at all, but a case of the common cold.
What is the Flu?
The flu, more scientifically known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. The influenza virus usually enters the body through mucous membranes in the mouth, nose or eyes. When a person with the flu coughs or sneezes, the virus then becomes airborne and can be inhaled by anyone nearby.
In most communities, school-age children are the first age group to get the flu. They then carry it into their home and to places where they interact with other kids, such as after-school activities. The flu virus will usually be prominent during the fall and winter, the time of year typically known as "flu season."
Some people, such as older adults, young children, and people with specific health conditions, are at high risk for serious flu complications. In extreme cases, complications can lead to death. On average in the United States each year: 5% to 20% of the population gets the flu; more than 200,000 people are hospitalized from flu complications; and about 36,000 people die from the flu. Read more about the impact of the flu.
How to Know If You Have the Flu
While it’s pretty normal to mistake the flu for another ailment such as a cold or just “feeling under the weather,” it’s important to know the difference — because if it’s the flu, the sooner you can get help from your doctor, the better.
If you’re not sure it’s the flu you have, keep these things in mind. Flu symptoms generally appear 1 to 3 days after exposure to the virus. The onset of symptoms often seems sudden: people describe the feeling “like they’ve been hit by a truck.” Flu symptoms can be mild or severe — and if they’re mild can become severe without much notice. Be aware of your body and monitor your body temperature.
The common symptoms of the flu include:
* Fever (usually high) * Headache * Muscle aches * Chills * Extreme tiredness * Dry cough * Runny nose may also occur but is more common in children than adults * Stomach symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, may also occur but are more common in children than adults
You don’t need to experience all of these symptoms to have the flu. If you have one or two, it’s recommended that you see your doctor. We’ve prepared a list of helpful questions to ask your doctor to help you make the most of your visit.
And, of course, sometimes the symptoms you’re experiencing are simply signs of a cold. To get a better understanding of the differences between the cold and flu.
Ways to Treat and Prevent the Flu :
There are five main types of flu treatments or medications that people usually rely on to fight the flu — vaccines, antivirals, antibiotics, over-the-counter treatments, and non-medical alternatives. To start off, the chart below gives you an at-a-glance overview of each treatment option. Use the following links to learn about each one individually:
The best way to prevent or lessen the severity of the flu is to get a flu shot each fall. However, because the particular flu strains that the vaccine protects against may not be the same ones that are going around your area, the vaccine is not always 100% effective.
Types of Flu Vaccines
There are two types of flu vaccines: * The “flu shot” — which is given with a needle, usually in the arm, is an inactivated (or killed) vaccine * The nasal flu spray vaccine (sometimes referred to as LAIV for “Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine”) — which is a spray taken in the nose — is an attenuated (or weakened) vaccine
Scientists make different flu vaccines every year because the strains of influenza viruses change from year to year. Nine to 10 months before the flu season begins, they prepare a new vaccine made from inactivated (killed) influenza viruses. Because the viruses have been killed, they cannot cause infection. The flu vaccine preparation is based on the strains of the flu viruses that are in circulation at the time. It includes those influenza type A and influenza type B viruses expected to circulate the following winter.
Sometimes an unpredicted new strain may appear after the vaccine has been made and distributed to doctor’s offices and clinics. Because of this, even if you do get the flu vaccine, you still may get infected. Children 8 years old and younger who are receiving the influenza vaccine for the first time should receive 2 doses (separated by at least 4 weeks for TIV and at least 6 weeks for LAIV).
Flu Shot Side Effects
As with other vaccines, there are possible side effects to be aware of. The most common side effect in children and adults is soreness at the site of the vaccination. Other flu shot side effects — especially in children who have never been exposed to the flu virus — include fever, tiredness, and sore muscles. These side effects may begin 6 to 12 hours after vaccination and may last for up to 2 days.
Additionally, you should be aware that viruses for producing the vaccine are grown in chicken eggs and then killed with a chemical so they can no longer cause an infection. The flu vaccine may contain some egg protein, which can cause an allergic reaction. If you or a family member is allergic to eggs or have ever had a serious allergic reaction to the flu vaccine, consult with your health care provider before getting vaccinated.
NON-MEDICAL ALTERNATIVES
Preventing the Flu Without Medication
Don’t have the flu and don’t want to get it? We know the feeling. Fortunately, there are some simple health-habit tips you can work into your life to decrease the chances of coming down with the virus. These obviously aren’t guarantees, just ways to give you peace of mind knowing you’re doing what you can to keep you, and maybe even your family, flu free.
Wash Those Hands
Many times, the flu virus is spread by direct contact such as sharing drinks. The flu virus can also spread through indirect contact such as when your coworker who has the flu sneezes on their hands and then touches an object, like the break-room microwave door. The germs there can live there for hours, and sometimes even days — only to be picked up by an unsuspecting coworker. Washing your hands often can reduce germs. Something to keep in mind, for you…and the coworker.
Use a Tissue
When you sneeze or cough, remember to cover your nose and mouth with a tissue, not your hands. Using your hands can quite literally have you holding onto the germs, ready to pass them on to anyone. A tissue can collect the germs and keep everyone out of harms way … just be sure to throw it out immediately.
COLD OR THE FLU?
How to Tell the Difference Between a Cold and the Flu
The cold and flu are both respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different types of viruses. Flu symptoms usually come on quickly (within 3-6 hours) and consist of a fever, body aches, dry cough, and extreme tiredness. Cold symptoms are less severe and people experience a stuffy nose, productive cough, slight tiredness, and limited body aches.
Is it a Cold or the Flu?
Whether you need to know the answer now or you’re looking into it for future purposes, we can help. Remember that if you are experiencing flu-like symptoms, it is better to act fast and speak to your doctor within 12 to 48 hours. We’ve prepared a list of helpful questions to ask your doctor to help you make the most of your visit.
Fever:
Cold: Fever is pretty rare with cold.
Flu: Fever is usually present with the flu.80% of flu cases include a fever.A temperature of 100 degree Farenheit or higher for 3 to 4 days is associated with flu.
Aches:
Cold: Slight body aches and pain can be part of cold.
Flu: Severe aches and pains are common with flu.
Chills :
Cold: uncommon with cold.
Flu: Chills are fairly common in all flu cases.60% of flue cases include chills.Chills and shivering areare a normal reaction to a cold environment,but unexplained chills can also be a sign of flu.
Tiredness:
Cold: Tiredness is fairly mild with a cold.
Flu: Tiredness is moderate to severe with flu.It's normal to feel tired after a long day or when you don't get adequate sleep,but unexpected tiredness can be a sign of flu.
Sudden Symptoms:
Cold : Cold symptoms are not sudden and develop over a period of few days.
Flu : The flu has a rapid onset within 3 to 6 hours. The flu hits hard and includes sudden symptoms like high fever,aches and pains.
Coughing:
Cold : A hacking,productive (mucous producing) cough is often a part of cold.
Flu : A non - productive cough that does not produce mucous is usually a part of flu.80% cases have dry cough.
Sneezing:
Cold: Sneezing is commonly present with a cold.
Flu : Sneezing is not commonly present in a flu.
Stuffy Nose:
Cold: A stuffy nose usually involves in a cold and usually resolves itself within a week.
Flu : Stuffy nose is not commonly present withflu.
Sore Throat :
Cold : Sore throat is commonly present with a cold.A sore throat is pain and inflammation in the throat that usually comes with a cold.
Flu : Sore throat is usually not present with flu.
Chest Discomfort :
Cold : Chest discomfort is mild to moderate with cold.
Flu : Chest discomfort is often severe with a flu. Chest discomfort is pain or abnormal sensations that you feel anywhere along front of your body between the neck and the abdomen.
Headache :
Cold :A headache is fairly uncommon with a cold.\
Flu : A headache is very common with a flu,present in almost 80% of the cases.
If dandruff is the only thing standing between you and a closet full of basic black, you're not alone. Many people have this chronic scalp disorder, which is marked by itching and excessive flaking of the scalp. Although dandruff isn't contagious and is rarely serious, it can be embarrassing and surprisingly persistent. The good news is that dandruff can usually be controlled. Mild cases of dandruff may need nothing more than daily shampooing with a gentle cleanser. And stubborn flakes often respond to medicated shampoos. What's more, researchers have identified a yeast-like fungus that may cause or aggravate dandruff, a discovery that may lead to better treatments.
Signs and symptoms :
For most people, the signs and symptoms of dandruff are unmistakable: white, oily looking flakes of dead skin that dot your hair and shoulders and an itchy, scaling scalp. But it's not quite that simple — many conditions cause excessive skin scaling, including:
* Dry skin.
Simple dry skin — the kind you get in winter when the air is cold and rooms are overheated — is by far the most common cause of itchy, flaking skin. But flakes from dry skin are generally smaller and less oily than those caused by dandruff. * Seborrheic dermatitis.
This condition, a frequent cause of dandruff, is marked by red, greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales. Seborrheic dermatitis affects not only your scalp but also other areas rich in oil glands, such as your eyebrows, the sides of your nose and the backs of your ears, your breastbone, your groin area, and sometimes your armpits.
* Psoriasis.
This skin disorder causes an accumulation of dead skin cells that form thick silvery scales. Psoriasis commonly occurs on your knees, elbows and trunk, but it can also affect your scalp.
* Cradle cap (seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp).
This disorder, which causes a scaling, crusty scalp, is most common in newborns, but it can occur anytime during infancy. Although it can be alarming for parents, cradle cap isn't dangerous and usually clears up on its own by the time a baby is a year old.
* Contact dermatitis.
Sometimes sensitivities to certain hair-care products or hair dyes can cause a red, itchy, scaling scalp
Causes :
At one time or another, dandruff causes have been attributed to dry skin, oily skin, shampooing too often or not often enough, a poor diet, stress, and the use of too many fancy styling products. Although some of these factors may exacerbate or contribute to scalp flaking, the real culprit may be a fat-eating, yeast-like fungus called malassezia, formerly known as pityrosporum.
Malassezia lives on the scalps of most healthy adults without causing problems. But sometimes it grows out of control, feeding on the oils secreted by your hair follicles and causing irritation that leads to increased cell turnover. The result is a large number of dead skin cells. As the cells fall off, they tend to clump together with oil from your hair and scalp, making them appear white, flaky and all too visible.
Exactly what causes an overgrowth of these organisms isn't known, although increased oil production; hormonal fluctuations; stress; illness; neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease; a suppressed immune system; infrequent shampooing and extra sensitivity to the malassezia fungus may contribute to the development of dandruff.
Risk Factors:
Almost any adult is a candidate for dandruff, but certain factors can make you more susceptible:
Age.Dandruff usually begins in young adulthood and continues through middle age. That doesn't mean older adults don't get dandruff, however. For some people, the problem can be lifelong.
Sex.Because more men than women have dandruff, some researchers think male hormones may play a role in dandruff. Men also have larger sebaceous glands that produce an oil called sebum.
Oily hair and scalp.Malassezia feeds on oils in your scalp. For that reason, having excessively oily skin and hair makes you more prone to dandruff.
Certain illnesses.For reasons that aren't clear, adults with neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, are more likely to develop seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. So are people recovering from stressful conditions, particularly heart attack and stroke, and those with compromised immune systems.
Treatment :
Dandruff is a chronic condition that can almost always be controlled, but dandruff treatment may take a little patience and persistence. In general, mild scaling can often be helped by daily cleansing with a gentle shampoo to reduce oiliness and cell buildup.
When regular shampoos fail, OTC dandruff shampoos may succeed. But dandruff shampoos aren't all alike, and you may need to experiment until you find one that works best for you. Dandruff shampoos are classified according to their active ingredient:
* Zinc pyrithione shampoos (Selsun Salon, Head & Shoulders). These contain the antibacterial and antifungal agent zinc pyrithione, which has been shown to reduce the fungus that causes dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
* Tar-based shampoos (Neutrogena T/Gel). Coal tar, a byproduct of the coal manufacturing process, helps conditions such as dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis by slowing cell turnover.
* Shampoos containing salicylic acid (Ionil T). These "scalp scrubs" help eliminate scale, but they may leave your scalp dry, leading to more flaking. Using a conditioner after shampooing can help counter dryness.
* Selenium sulfide shampoos (Selsun Blue). These shampoos help prevent cell turnover and may also reduce the number of malassezia. Because they can discolor blonde, gray or chemically colored hair, be sure to use them only as directed and to rinse well after shampooing.
* Ketoconazole shampoos (Nizoral). The newest addition to the dandruff armamentarium, ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that may work when other shampoos fail. It's available over-the-counter as well as by prescription.
Try using one of these shampoos daily until your dandruff is controlled, then cut back to two or three times a week. If one type of shampoo works for a time and then seems to lose its effectiveness, try alternating between two types of dandruff shampoos. Be sure to leave the shampoo on for at least five minutes — this allows the ingredients time to work.
If you've shampooed faithfully for several weeks and there's still a dusting of dandruff on your shoulders, talk to your doctor or dermatologist. You may need a prescription-strength shampoo or more aggressive treatment with a steroid lotion.
Self-care :
You can't prevent dandruff, but you can take steps to reduce your risk:
Learn to manage stress.
Stress affects your overall health, making you susceptible to a number of conditions and diseases. It can even help trigger dandruff or exacerbate existing symptoms.
Shampoo often.
If you tend to have an oily scalp, daily shampooing to remove the excess oil may help prevent dandruff. Cut back on styling products. Hair sprays, styling gels, mousses and hair waxes can all build up on your hair and scalp, making them oilier.
Eat a healthy diet.
A diet that provides enough zinc, B vitamins and essential fatty acid may help prevent dandruff. Get a little sun. Sunlight may be good for dandruff. But because exposure to ultraviolet light damages your skin and increases your risk of skin cancer, don't sunbathe. Instead, just spend a little time outdoors. And be sure to wear sunscreen on your face and body.
Complementary and alternative medicine :
While there are many purported home remedies for dandruff, one therapy that seems to be effective is daily shampooing with tea tree oil. Tea tree oil, which is extracted from the leaves of the Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), has been used for centuries as an antiseptic, antibiotic and antifungal agent. It's now included in a number of shampoos found in natural foods stores. The oil is generally well tolerated but may cause allergic reactions in some people.
Stretch marks look like thin, stretched tissue, and that is more or less what they are. They appear in people who put on or lose weight rapidly. The upper layer of the skin is normal, but in the lower layer the collagen and elastin, which give the skin its strength and elasticity, have become thinner and broken. At first, the marks look reddish-purple. This is because the stretched skin is more transparent and the small blood vessels that lie deep in the skin show through. Later, the blood vessels contract. The purplish colour then fades to white, which is simply fat under the skin showing through.
Who gets them?
* Stretch marks often appear on the breast and abdomen during pregnancy. The reason is partly hormonal. During pregnancy, hormones have the job of softening the collagen ligaments of the pelvis, so that the tissues can stretch easily during childbirth. Unfortunately, the skin collagen softens as well, allowing stretch marks to form easily.
* Some women have weaker collagen than others, so are more likely to get stretch marks. Recent research suggests that if you have stretch marks, your pelvic floor ligaments may be slightly weak, so it is very important to do pelvic floor exercises after childbirth to prevent incontinence of urine.
* Yo-yo dieters and bodybuilders can get stretch marks on the upper arms, chest and thighs.
* Growing adolescents can get them on their backs, where they look like a series of horizontal lines.
Preventing stretch marks
* Try to avoid yo-yo dieting. If you are overweight, aim to lose it slowly (do not aim to lose more than 0.5 kg (1 lb) a week).
* If you are pregnant, there is not much you can do except keep your fingers crossed and think, “this is a small price to pay for a beautiful baby!” Rubbing baby oil into the abdomen each night might help. Various special creams and oils are promoted for preventing stretch marks, but there is no proof that they are effective.
Curing stretch marks
Stretch marks are permanent in the sense that the skin in these areas will never be completely normal. However, after a time they contract down into much less obvious, thin, whitish scars.
* Collagen creams claim that they will improve stretch marks. There is no evidence that they do so. In fact, collagen and elastin put onto the surface of the skin can not penetrate into the deeper layers.
* Cocoa butter cream, which is available from pharmacies, is often recommended to soften scars, so might be worth a try.
* Lasers can be used to treat stretch marks at an early stage, when they are still red. The red blood cells in the small blood vessels absorb the energy from the laser beam and convert it into heat, which then seals the blood vessels. This gets rid of the red colour and might speed up the contracting process, but is uncertain whether it will make any difference in the long run. It costs several hundred pounds, and can not be done under the National Health Service in the UK. As with any cosmetic treatment, check that the clinic is reputable; your doctor can probably advise you, and look at the section on cosmetic surgery.
* Tretinoin It is another approach to the treatment of early stretch marks. There have been claims that this produces improvement, but other researchers have not found any effect.
* Surgery It is a possibility for tummy stretch marks if you also have a lot of loose skin on the tummy. The operation is a ‘tummy tuck’ (removal of the skin and the fatty tissue beneath). You will be left with scars around the belly button and across the lower stomach. This is not a minor operation and, like all operations, it carries risks. Recovery takes several weeks. Look at the section on cosmetic surgery.
Each year, nearly 8,000 people receive poisonous snake bites in the United States. Even a bite from a so-called "harmless" snake can cause infection or allergic reaction in some people. People who frequent wilderness areas, camp, hike, picnic, or live in snake-inhabited areas should be aware of the potential dangers posed by venomous snakes.
What snakes cause poisonous bites?
Any of the following snakes cause poisonous bites: * Rattlesnake * Copperhead * Cottonmouth Water Moccasin * Coral Snake
Recognizing a Venomous Bite :
* All poisonous snakes have 2 large fangs which are located in the upper front portion of the mouth.
* If the victim is bitten and the snake escapes before the identification can be made, the following signs should be noted: -- One to two punctures made by the hollow fangs.
-- Pain following within 5 to 10 minutes accompanied by swelling and discoloration around the bite area. These symptoms will progress up the victim's extremity.
-- If the fang enters a vein or artery, these symptoms may not be present.
Coral Snake bites differ from Pit Viper bites. Their venom is neurotoxic in nature. The bite is usually not painful, little or no swelling or discoloration is present. Symptoms may be delayed for several hours but when they do occur, they progress rapidly. Symptoms include nausea, drowsiness, vomiting, marked salivation and difficulty in breathing. Paralysis is also noted in Coral Snake invenomation.
What are the symptoms of poisonous bites?
While each individual may experience symptoms differently, the following are the most common symptoms of poisonous snake bites: * bloody wound discharge * fang marks in the skin and swelling at the site of the bite * severe localized pain * diarrhea * burning * convulsions * fainting * dizziness * weakness * blurred vision * excessive sweating * fever * increased thirst * loss of muscle coordination * nausea and vomiting * numbness and tingling * rapid pulse
How are snake bites treated?
Call for emergency assistance immediately if someone has been bitten by a snake. Responding quickly in this type of emergency is crucial. While waiting for emergency assistance:
* Wash the bite with soap and water. * Immobilize the bitten area and keep it lower than the heart. * Cover the area with a clean, cool compress or a moist dressing to minimize swelling and discomfort. * Monitor vital signs.
***If a victim is unable to reach medical care within 30 minutes, the American Red Cross recommends:
* Apply a bandage, wrapped two to four inches above the bite, to help slow the venom. This should not cut off the flow of blood from a vein or artery - the band should be loose enough to slip a finger under it.
* A suction device can be placed over the bite to help draw venom out of the wound without making cuts. These devices are often included in commercial snake bite kits.
* Most often, physicians use antivenin -- an antidote to snake venom -- to treat serious snake bites. Antivenin is derived from antibodies created in a horse's blood serum when the animal is injected with snake venom. Because antivenin is obtained from horses, snake bite victims sensitive to horse products must be carefully managed.
Preventing snake bites:
Some bites, such as those inflicted when you accidentally step on a snake in the woods, are nearly impossible to prevent. However, there are precautions that can reduce your chances of being bitten by a snake. These include:
- Leave snakes alone. Many people are bitten because they try to kill a snake or get too close to it. - Stay out of tall grass unless you wear thick leather boots and remain on hiking paths as much as possible. - Keep hands and feet out of areas you cannot see. Do not pick up rocks or firewood unless you are out of a snake's striking distance. - Be cautious and alert when climbing rocks.
How much do you know about that little white pill you take every day? From improving the quality of your skin to reducing your risk for ovarian cancer, the birth control pill is surprisingly multi-functional.
Here are 10 surprising tidbits about the pill you may not know, including the effects of your weight and pill type.
1) Research has showed that the pill may not be as effective for women who are overweight. According to a study published in Obstetrics & Gynecology, for women who take their pill regularly (without missing), but who have a BMI greater than 27.3, the risk of pregnancy was more than doubled. Researchers have a few theories, but still aren't sure exactly why it's less effective. If you're concerned, definitely check with your doctor.
2) There is no one pill. "The pill" has been tweaked several times since it was approved in 1960 and there are now more than 40 different types of pills. Researchers began to realize that women didn't need to take the maximum does of hormones to prevent pregnancy. Hence, today's birth control pills have much lower levels of hormones than the pills from 20 and 30 years ago.
3) There are two kinds of pills: Combination (a mix of estrogen and progestin) and progestin-only (sometimes called the "mini-pill"). Breast-feeding women shouldn't take the combination pill because estrogen can reduce milk production. But since it contains no estrogen, the progestin-only pill is a good option for them (especially since you CAN get pregnant while breast-feeding, despite the myth that persists).
4) The first continuous use pill, Lybrel, was approved by the Food & Drug Administration in May 2007, and the manufacturer, Wyeth, expects Lybrel to be available in pharmacies in July 2007. Unlike the traditional pill which has a placebo week when you get your period, or even pills like Seasonale where you get your period 4 times a year, you take this pill 365 days a year and never get your period
5) You can usually safely miss one pill without having to use a back-up birth control method, but if you miss two?no matter when in the pack?you increase your risk for getting pregnant because it can affect your hormone levels and cause ovulation. Play it safe and use a back-up method for the rest of the pack. If you're on a pill like Seasonale, consult your OB/GYN about what to do.
6) It's true that the pill can cause very slight weight gain (2-5 pounds), but it won't make you fat. True, a few decades ago when the hormone levels were higher, taking the pill could cause a more noticeable weight gain. But with today's low-dosage pills, you don't have to worry about packing on the pounds.
7) Different women have different side effects. So while one pill may eliminate cramping and even-out mood swings in your friend, it might make you moody and have breakthrough bleeding. It's okay to shop around for the pill that works for you, but try to wait 3 months before you switch, because many side effects dissipate after a few months.
8) Reseachers have discovered several additional benefits of oral contraceptives. We now know that the pill reduces your risk for ovarian cancer. Taking birth control can also help clear up your skin if you've had issues with acne. And according to a study published in the Clinical Journal of Sportsmedicine, it might even make your knee joints stronger!
9) Many drugs can interfere the pill, like antibiotics. But even over-the-counter medications like Nyquil can reduce its effectiveness. St. John's Wort (an herbal supplement thought to help with depression) doesn't mix so well, and some anti-anxiety meds can conflict, too. It's a good practice to always ask your doctor or pharmacist before you take any drug.
10) Even if you've been on the pill since you were a teenager, you absolutely can get pregnant your first month off the pill. It's true that it usually takes a few months to get your cycle back to regular, but don't necessarily count on it!
If dust bunnies slowly took over Susan Cameron's home, she would have a good excuse: "My husband does the vacuuming," says the 47-year-old teacher from North Andover, MA. She has to bow out of housework to keep her back pain from flaring up. Though it doesn't sound like much of a sacrifice, Cameron has been forced to forgo pleasures, too. I haven't been to a cocktail party in years, she says. All that standing triggers such pain. Even an achoo is hazardous: I don't dare sneeze while standing straight up my back will pay dearly. Like Cameron, at least 80% of the population will have a significant episode of lower-back pain at some point in life. And as if debilitating discomfort weren't enough, a chronic ache could even cause your brain to shrink as much as 11% over 10 years, notes recent research from the Northwestern University Institute of Neuroscience. Brains normally lose volume with age, but constant pain may double the deficit. Experts, however, are hopeful that some of the atrophy can be reversed if the pain is effectively treated. So the question becomes: How should you treat an aching back? There are so many options out there. Use ice or heat? See a chiropractor or a surgeon? Get rest or exercise? It's hard to know what to do. Researchers say that a lot of the standard advice is unhelpful, and sometimes even harmful. Don't worry, though: We've got your back. OUT-OF-DATE : Get plenty of rest For years, back-pain sufferers were told to avoid activity and hit the hay. If you go to bed for a week, however, muscles deteriorate, which can worsen pain, says Jeffrey Wang, MD, chief of orthopaedic spine service at the UCLA Comprehensive Spine Center. THELATEST : Up and at 'em Even if you're hurting, it's best not to spend more than 3 days in the sack. As soon as you can bear it, get into a mild form of exercise. When 101 adults with chronic back pain did gentle yoga, they experienced a faster recovery than those who consulted a self-help book or took more strenuous exercise classes, say researchers at the University of Washington. And after 3 months, the yogis were using less than half the pain meds their peers were taking. Other low-stress activities like swimming and walking help, too. Ironically, a new UCLA study found that these kinds of workouts are more effective than the back exercises frequently prescribed by physical therapists probably because people often do doc-recommended moves incorrectly. OUT-OF-DATE : Anti-inflammatories are the drug of choice Although anti-inflammatory meds such as ibuprofen and naproxen are a great way to ease occasional pain, back experts now say that another kind of drug may be worth trying when discomfort is chronic. THE LATEST : Antidepressants help relieve persistent pain. An analysis of seven studies found that chronic lower-back pain sufferers who took antidepressants called serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors—Effexor XR is one—showed up to a 45% improvement in pain. That's more relief than is typical with anti-inflammatories. OUT-OF-DATE : Cold is the only temp that quells sharp pain Traditionally, docs have recommended icing acute pain (the kind that comes on quickly); heat was for chronic soreness. THE LATEST : Bring on the heat New research from Johns Hopkins University shows that wearing a portable heat wrap for 8 hours on 3 consecutive days reduces the intensity of back pain by 60% and benefits last up to 14 days. For more help, John Mayer, PhD, research director at the US Spine & Sport Foundation in San Diego, suggests stretching, too. He found that 72% of those who do both treatments for 5 days quickly bounce back to their normal selves. OUT-OF-DATE : Everyone can benefit from chiropractic manipulation At least, that's what some chiropractors and doctors would've had you think. Many have routinely advised this approach with mixed results. THE LATEST: It can help the right patients' New research from the University of Utah suggests a simple way to predict if you'll benefit from an adjustment. Has your pain lasted for fewer than 16 days? Does all discomfort remain above the knee? If you can answer yes to both questions, there's an 84% chance that manipulation would do you good. (Further research is needed to understand why it works best on these patients.) OUT-OF-DATE: Sleep on a firm mattress. While supersquishy beds are definitely bad for your back, very firm ones can increase pressure on the spine and worsen pain, say Spanish researchers. THE LATEST : Go softer A study of 313 people revealed that those who caught Zzzs on a medium-firm mattress were more likely to report pain improvement than those on a firmer one. To help ease nighttime discomfort even more, tuck a pillow under your knees if you sleep on your back, between your knees if you're a side sleeper, or beneath your stomach and hips if you snooze on your belly. Cutting surgery down to size Although the number of back surgeries is increasing about 429,000 in 2003, compared with 279,000 in 1990 this isn't necessarily a good thing. I believe the upswing is due to the growing number of surgeons who find more reasons to operate. Unfortunately, research hasn't kept up, says Richard A. Deyo, MD, a professor of medicine at the University of Washington and a deputy editor of the journal Spine. Bottom line Going under the knife is the last resort. Sometimes when new technology arrives, people forget that, says Scott D. Boden, MD, director of the Emory Spine Center at the Emory University School of Medicine. Surgery is only for a very select group of patients who are often hard to identify. Bonus: 6 more ways to sidestep pain : *Nix the high heels They force you to arch your back, making your spinal muscles work harder. * Move it When standing for a long time, rock from heels to toes or shift your weight from one foot to the other to keep your spine mobile. And for every 20 minutes of sitting, get up and walk for 3. * Use a step stool It'll curb over-reaching, which often triggers pain. * Don't smoke It diminishes the blood supply to discs, leading to degeneration. * Shed pounds If you're obese, losing weight can significantly improve pain. * Drink milk Daily doses of calcium and vitamin D will help prevent osteo-porosis and painful spinal fractures. Ref: Prevention.com
This topic provides a general overview of low back pain.
What is low back pain?
Almost everyone has low back pain at one time or another. The lower back is the connection between your upper and lower body, and it bears most of your body’s weight. Because of these roles, it is easily injured when you lift, reach, or twist. The good news is that most low back pain will go away in a few weeks with some basic self-care. However, if your pain is severe or lasts more than a couple of weeks, see your doctor.
What causes low back pain?
Low back pain is often caused by overuse, strain, or injury. For instance, you may hurt your back by playing sports or working in your yard, taking a jolt in a car accident, or lifting something too heavy for you.
Aging plays a part too. Your bones and muscles tend to lose strength as you age, which increases your risk of injury. The spongy discs between the bones of the spine (vertebrae) may suffer from wear and tear and may no longer provide enough cushion between the bones. A disc that bulges too much or that breaks open (herniated disc) can press on nerves, causing back pain.
Less often, low back pain is the result of arthritis, compression fractures caused by bone loss (osteoporosis), illness, or a spine problem that you may have had since you were born.
Your state of mind has an effect on your level of pain and whether it becomes long-lasting (chronic). People who are depressed, under stress, or unhappy in their work are more likely to have chronic back pain. Often we don't really know the cause of low back pain.
What are the symptoms?
The term "low back pain" is used to describe a range of symptoms. Depending on the cause, low back pain may be dull, burning, or sharp, and it may be felt at a single point or over a broad area. It can come on gradually or suddenly and may occur with muscle spasms or stiffness.
Leg symptoms can be caused by lower spine problems that place pressure on a nerve that leads to the leg. The symptoms can occur on their own or along with low back pain.Leg symptoms can include pain, numbness, or tingling, often extending below the knee.
Weakness and/or numbness in both legs, along with loss of bladder and/or bowel control, are symptoms of cauda equina syndrome, which requires immediate medical attention.
Back pain can be: * Acute (short-term), which lasts less than 3 months. Most people gain relief after 4 to 6 weeks of home treatment. * Recurrent, which is a repeat episode of acute symptoms. Most people have at least one episode of recurrent low back pain. * Chronic, which lasts longer than 3 months.
How is low back pain diagnosed?
Your doctor will begin by asking questions about your medical history, your symptoms, and your work and physical activities. He or she will also do a physical exam. The questions and the exam can help him or her rule out a serious cause for your pain. For most people with low back pain, the doctor will be able to recommend treatment after the first exam.
Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are not helpful for diagnosing most episodes of low back pain. They are usually limited to cases in which the doctor suspects a serious problem such as a broken bone, cancer, or infection, or if surgery is being considered or planned. You might also have imaging tests if workers' compensation or a lawsuit is involved.
How is it treated?
Most low back pain will improve if you take the following steps:
Apply ice for 5 to 15 minutes every 2 or 3 hours. You can use an ice pack or a bag of frozen vegetables wrapped in a thin towel. After a few days of ice, switch to heat for 15 to 20 minutes every 2 or 3 hours. You can take a hot shower or use a heating pad or hot water bottle. Take pain medicine, such as ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin, for example), aspirin, or acetaminophen (Tylenol, for example). These medicines usually work best if you take them on a regular schedule instead of waiting until the pain is severe.
For the first day or two, rest in a comfortable position. Try lying on your side with a pillow between your knees. Or lie on your back on the floor with a pillow under your knees. As soon as possible, get back to your normal activities. Movement helps your muscles stay strong. Staying in bed for more than 1 or 2 days can actually make your problem worse. Walking is the simplest and perhaps the best exercise for the lower back. Your doctor or a physical therapist can recommend more specific exercises to help your back muscles get stronger. These may include a series of simple exercises called core stabilization. The muscles of your trunk, or core, support your spine. Strengthening these muscles can improve your posture, keep your body in better balance, and lower your chance of injury.
If your symptoms are severe or you still have them after 2 weeks of self-care, see your doctor. You may need stronger pain medicines, or you might benefit from physical therapy. Some people find relief from pain by using massage, chiropractic, acupuncture, pain management techniques, or another type of treatment. Certain treatments work for some people but not for others. You may need to try different things to see which works best for you.
Only a few people with low back pain need surgery. Surgery may help if you have a herniated disc or back pain along with symptoms of nerve damage, such as numbness in your legs. Even in these cases, most people will improve without surgery. Having surgery does not guarantee that all your pain will go away. Before you have surgery, it is a good idea to get a second opinion.
How can I prevent low back pain from returning?
Once you have had low back pain, you are likely to have it again. To help keep your back healthy and avoid further back pain:
* Practice good posture when you sit, stand, and walk. * Get regular, low-impact exercise. Walk, swim, or ride a stationary bike. Stretch before you exercise. * Wear low-heeled shoes with good support. * Sleep on your side. A medium-firm mattress may be easiest on your back. * Don't try to lift things that are too heavy for you. When you must lift, bend your knees and keep your back straight, keep the object you are lifting close to your belly button, and avoid lifting and twisting at the same time. * Watch your weight. Being too heavy, especially around your waist, puts extra stress on your back. * If you smoke, quit. Smoking decreases blood flow and prevents healing.
***If you sit or stand for long periods at work:
* Pay attention to your posture. Sit or stand up straight, with your shoulders back. * Make sure your chair has good back support. * Take regular breaks to walk around.
*** If your work involves a lot of bending, reaching, or lifting:
* Talk to your human resources department to see if there are other ways you can do your work. * Don't depend on a “back belt” to protect your back. Studies have not shown these belts to be effective in reducing back injuries. The most they can do is to help remind you to use good techniques for lifting.
Have you or anyone known to you suffered from low back pains?
Did my article answer your queries about low back pain?
For many years, Margaret Kember would reach for the painkillers to cure her migranes. But as the dosages increased, it gradually emerged that the painkillers could be worsening the headaches rather than curing them For Margaret Kember, reaching for her painkillers every morning was as much of a habit as turning off the alarm clock. "I would reach for my painkillers the minute I got downstairs to put the kettle on.
"It was the only way I could begin to function. "The first few seconds when I woke up would be fine, but then the feeling that a ton of weight was crashing down on my head would begin again," says the 53-year-old from Stowmarket, Suffolk.
Margaret first started suffering from migraines and headaches as a child but these became worse in her 20s. She started taking Veganin - a painkiller comprising paracetamol, codeine and aspirin.
"The amount I took gradually increased over the years - it seemed the more I took, the more I needed to take. "I was even waking up in the night to have them. "I'd feel OK before bed but wake up feeling ghastly and would reach for the painkillers - it was like an addiction."
What she didn't realise was that the very drugs promising to ease her agony were in fact causing and prolonging it. Until she successfully sought treatment last year, Margaret was one of the estimated 500,000 women and 100,000 men in the UK who suffer daily headaches caused by the overuse of painkillers. Research suggests the frequent use of drugs such as codeine, paracetamol, ibuprofen and aspirin can often be the main reason people suffer from repeated headaches - and have shown that between a quarter and two-thirds of headache sufferers overuse painkillers.
They are not overdosing on their medication; they are simply taking the pills for long periods of time. But the more a painkiller is taken, the more resistant the body becomes to it. So the sufferer has then to resort to a stronger painkiller.
When the medication wears off, they can get a withdrawal reaction - known as a 'rebound' headache - prompting them to take more medication. By this point, it is the absence of the medication that is actually causing the headache.
The reason rebound headaches happen is not entirely clear, although it's thought that painkiller overuse affects the flow of pain messages to the nerves. The problem is more common among women. This is largely because women are five times more likely to be affected by migraines than men. Professor Andrew Charles, director of the headache research and treatment programme at the University of California, says hormones are to blame. "A headache or migraine is caused by the excitability of the cortex or surface of the brain," he says. Animal tests have shown that their hormones make the female cortex more excitable, which means women are more vulnerable to headaches and migraine. "The chronic use of medication also changes the level of excitability," says Professor Charles. "Drugs have a powerful effect on the way brain cells work over time, effectively rewiring your system and predisposing you to more headaches." Rebound headaches are also triggered by a genetic predisposition, says Dr Anish Bahra, a consultant neurologist at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery.
"If you don't have this predisposition, you can take painkillers for as long as you like and you won't get worse headaches." She says triptans, drugs used for treating migraines, bring on rebound headaches fastest. "But it's also easy to become reliant on other painkillers if they are taken for long periods."
Some experts also believe that headache tablets erode the body's own natural pain barrier. As Dr Anne MacGregor, director of clinical research at the City of London Migraine Clinic, explains: "Medication overuse will lead to you waking up with a headache because your pain threshold is at its lowest - the painkillers will have worn off during the night."
"Using painkillers no more than two to three times a week is fine. "It's when they're taken more frequently that the problems start." The only solution for rebound headaches is to stop taking the medication causing them. It takes between six and 12 weeks for the body to recover, although the effect is felt almost immediately with triptans.
Dr MacGregor says: "Stopping abruptly invariably causes withdrawal symptoms - headaches, nausea, vomiting, anxiety and insomnia - which appear within 48 hours and can last up to two weeks. "However, those who try to stop slowly seem more likely to fail." Your doctor may, however, prescribe other painkillers to help tackle the withdrawal symptoms.
And the good news is that once you're through the withdrawal process, you should be headachefree. A study from the Danish Headache Centre in Copenhagen found that two months later, 45 per cent of people had no further headaches, 48 per cent showed no difference and only 7 per cent had more headaches.
After years of headaches, Margaret was referred to a neurologist in 2003. At that point she was taking six painkillers daily on top of her migraine tablets. The neurologist was less than sympathetic, however. 'He basically told me to pull myself together and get on with it: there was nothing he could do. "My husband and I sat there speechless, and I came away feeling as if I was being neurotic. And if this expert couldn't help me, then I was trapped in a maze with no way out." In her despair she turned to the internet-Online she found the City of London Migraine clinic - a medical charity where neurologists give their time free of charge. During her consultation she was asked about were her medication habits. She was subsequently told to stop taking her current painkillers and prescribed a course of strong anti-inflammatory drugs - naproxen - for six weeks to relieve the headaches that come with the withdrawal process. And the result? Margaret no longer suffers from rebound headaches. "I still get a migraine every two weeks but I am strict with my medication. "I take two paracetamol and two aspirin when I first get a headache. "If that hasn't worked within a hour, I take a triptan called frovatriptan, which I'm allowed two of per attack. I don't exceed the dose, because I no longer need to." The Proprietary Association of Great Britain, which represents manufacturers of over-thecounter medicines, emphasised the importance of following the instructions on the medication pack. Spokesperson Helen Darracott said: "Every day, millions of people benefit from taking pain relievers for headaches and other ailments, and the chances of developing a chronic daily headache are very small indeed when they are taken in accordance with the instructions. "Analgesics should only be used for a few days at a time. "If the pain persists, a health professional - a pharmacist or doctor - should always be consulted. All analgesics are labelled with words clearly stating this."
• Rebound headaches are caused by the prolonged use of painkillers. It's better to take several tablets in one day than one tablet for seven days. When a headache first strikes, take a good dose of an antiinflammatory drug such as ibuprofen or aspirin, or if the pain is more severe, a triptan, which just treats migraines (these are usually available only on prescription, although some can be bought over the counter). Try to avoid combinations of paracetamol and codeine because they tend to be stronger. The aim is to be painfree within two hours. Anyone suffering with a daily headache should be assessed by a healthcare professional in case there is a serious underlying cause - see your GP if you have more than 4-5 headaches a month.
Ref: By Anna Hodgekiss (Daily Mail)
Do you or anyone to you suffer from simlar rebound headaches? Have you been taking painkillers regularly from a long time for any cause?
Do share in your views & persnal experiences on my article.
Brushing and flossing your teeth could save you from a heart attack, claim experts.
Doctors found those with the worst blockages in their arteries had the most severe gum disease.
There is mounting evidence of a link between gum disease and heart disease, but a study claims to be the first to show that the severity of each disease may also be connected.
Chronic gum disease is called periodontitis, which occurs when waste material or plaque collects around the teeth and irritates the gums. Plaque is removed when teeth are looked after properly.
However, failure to brush and floss can lead to the irritated gums becoming infected. Teeth become loose and can even fall out.
It is not clear how gum disease may trigger heart problems, although it is thought that bacteria released from the infected gums are the key.
The bacteria enter the bloodstream where they may activate the immune system, making artery walls inflamed and narrowed, or attach directly to fatty deposits already present in the arteries which causes further narrowing.
French cardiologists and dentists looked at 131 patients referred to hospital for an X-ray examination of the arteries. All were examined for gum disease and had their blood checked for inflammation.
Patients with artery disease had more severe periodontitis than those without, said study leader Dr Nicolas Amabile.
"The most severe teeth disease was associated with the most widespread arterial lesions," he said.
"We are the first to report that the severity of periodontitis is linked to the extension of coronary arterial lesions."
The findings by the team in Marseille were released yesterday at the European Society of Cardiology annual meeting in Vienna.
Dr Amabile said gum disease could be used as a new risk factor to identify those likely to develop heart disease.
"Since periodontitis is easily accessible to treatment with antibiotics and dental care, one might think its treatment could also be beneficial for coronary
artery disease," he said.
"This has to be confirmed with larger studies but may represent a new original approach to handle heart disease in the future."
Professor Robin Seymour, of Newcastle University Dental School, said the link between gum disease and heart disease was not yet proven. He said it was not clear whether established risk factors for heart disease such as smoking and diabetes had been taken into account.
However, research carried out at his own unit and in Australia showed patients with advanced gum disease who had all their teeth removed showed a fall in a blood marker for heart disease.
Professor Seymour said: "They have only been followed for six months and we don't know whether it will produce any longterm reduction in heart disease.
"It's good practice to get your teeth checked regularly. You may not even be aware you have gum disease but it's both preventable and treatable."
Being depressed can hinder recovery from a heart attack and raises the risk of having another one, say researchers.
They claim antidepressants may not only help heart attack patients' mental wellbeing but improve their long-term survival chances.
Their study suggests those who are not depressed achieve nearnormality in heart rate measurements within a few months.
But depressed patients continue to have problems that can put them at risk of sudden death, although those taking antidepressants improve as a result.
The reasons are unclear, they say, but depression raises inflammation in the body and affects hormonal responses which affect heart health.
The findings are reported today in the Archives of General Psychiatry. Dr Alexander Glassman of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, led the study of 290 depressed patients who had survived a heart attack.
Colourings used in some hair dyes could cause cancer, it has been claimed. A European Commission watchdog has criticised the hair dye industry for failing to provide evidence of the safety of its products.
The Scientific Committee on Cosmetic and Non-food Products intended for Consumers says without adequate evidence it is unable to carry out a full risk assessment. The Cancer Research Society has responded by advising consumers not to use the products until further research has been completed.
Most concerns surround dark-coloured, permanent dyes used every four to six weeks. Scientists are particularly worried about two chemical ingredients, para-phenylenediamine and tetrahydro-6-nitroquinoxaline. These chemicals have been shown to damage the body's genetic material, and to cause cancer in animals.
It is not the first time that fears have been raised about the safety of permanent hair dyes, which have previously been linked to arthritis and damage to unborn children.
Bladder risk
Last year a study by the University of Southern California found women who used permanent hair dyes at least once a month were up to three times more likely to develop bladder cancer.
The researchers also found that long-serving hairdressers were also at increased risk. No such link has been found between cancer and semi-permanent and temporary hair dyes.
Commenting on the failure of the industry to provide necessary information, Dr Ian White, head of the committee and a consultant dermatologist at St Thomas' Hospital, London, was quoted as saying: "They have not provided ample information that the dye is safe. "Isn't it amazing that a product should have such wide gaps in its toxicological requirements but be on sale?"
However, Dr White stressed that the products had been on sale for decades, and only women who had used them over many years could be at any kind of risk. A spokesperson for the Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Association said twice as many men as women contracted bladder cancer - not what would be expected if hair dye posed a significant risk. "Hair colorants are among the most thoroughly studied products on the market and studies to date have concluded that they are safe when used as directed." Bladder cancer is diagnosed in more than 13,600 people in the UK each year. It kills 4,850.
Foot pain is common--But it doesn't have to be.In many cultures, feet have an exalted status. Catholic worshipers kiss the pontiff's toe, and yogis bow in salutation to their gurus' feet, then lavish them with flowers to show both humility and reverence. But in much of American culture, feet are adored only fleetingly-usually after a pedicure, when they look perfect-and their mechanical genius is largely taken for granted until problems set in. The foot is a complicated, elegant structure, with 28 bones and more than 100 muscles, tendons, and ligaments. As a dynamic foundation, feet constantly adjust to whatever you're doing, whether you're taking a leisurely stroll or running a 5K race.
Feet also change over time. They typically become wider and longer with age, and the natural padding under the heel and ball thins. And after years of standing and walking (the average person walks nearly 50,000 miles by age 50), arches tend to flatten, and ankles and feet can get stiff. To compound matters, most Americans routinely wear illfitting shoes. In fact, women are three times more likely than men to wear shoes that hurt their feet, according to the American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA). "Many people think foot pain is normal," says Kendrick A. Whitney, D.P.M., an assistant professor at the Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine in Philadelphia. With so many people ignoring-or even expecting-foot discomfort, it's hardly surprising that about 43 million Americans suffer from foot problems.
While there are basic skeletal issues, like a misalignment of bones, that can lead to foot problems, simple daily care and wearing the right shoes can prevent the vast majority of nagging issues. If pain does arise, visit a podiatrist as soon as possible. Ignoring it could affect your posture, which can restrict your rib cage and reduce the flow of oxygen throughout your body. Poor posture can also lead to backache, sore knees, tight shoulders, or even an aching jaw as your body tries to alleviate-and compensate for-any injuries. If necessary, your doctor may refer you to a pedorthist, who can fit you with custom orthotic shoes or inserts to help position your feet correctly. To keep your feet in top form, follow our guide to common conditions and the best ways to deal with them.
Morton's Neuroma (Plantar Neuroma)
What it is:
A tissue growth that develops when the third and fourth toe bones rub together and pinch the nerve between them, resulting in a sharp pain in the ball of the foot and stinging, burning, or numbness in the toes.
Causes:
High-impact, repetitive activities; tight shoes; arthritis; nerve or muscle problems.
How to deal:
Wear wide-toed shoes with less than two-inch heels and good arch support. Take off your shoes and massage the ball of your foot whenever possible to reduce pain; wear metatarsal pads or sleeves (available at local drugstores), which fit under the ball of your foot to cushion the area; or get a local injection of anesthetic and corticosteroid. Remove the neuroma and the affected nerve surgically. This is considered a last resort since over 80 percent of neuromas are cured non-surgically and the procedure can cause permanent numbness in the affected toes.
Bunion
What it is:
A bony bump on the side of the big or little toe joint, often with red and tender skin. More than half of American women have bunions, according to the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society. Because the toe joint flexes with every step and pushes toes toward each other, the bigger your bunion gets, the more it hurts to walk. "The pain from mine was so great I started walking on the side of my foot, which caused pain in my hip plus an additional bunion on my little toe," recalls Susan Stokes, 49, an elementary school teacher in Corona Del Mar, Calif. She eventually had her bones surgically shaved to realign her toes and readjust the ligaments on the sides of her feet.
Causes:
Tight, pointed, and high-heeled shoes; arthritis; fallen arches, which can make feet roll inward (also known as pronation) and push the toe joint out.
How to deal:
Get custom-made orthotics to strengthen the arch and slow the bunion's progression. Wear shoes that have room around the toes and heels lower than two inches in height to avoid aggravating the bunion. Stick-on pads, available from your local pharmacist, can also reduce friction.
Get a paste of marigold extract (Tagetes species) and spread it on the bunion. According to a study published in The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, marigold paste, covered with a protective pad, helped reduce the size and pain of bunions more effectively than a placebo. "The flavonoids in the plant act to reduce the inflammation in the joint," says Tariq Khan, deputy director of the Marigold Clinic at the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital in England, which has used marigold-based preparations to treat bunions and other foot ailments for more than 10 years. Consider surgery if your toes overlap to restore proper function.
Hammer Toe
What it is:
A buckling of the second, third, fourth, or fifth toe that causes the tip of the toe to bend down while the middle rises up, like a hammer. (Claw toe, when the toe curls under the foot and presses against the bottom of the shoe, is a variation.) If the bent toes rub against your shoes, you may also develop corns or calluses.
Causes:
Weakened toe muscles; muscle and nerve damage caused by stroke or rheumatoid arthritis; foot and ankle misalignment due to over-pronation.
How to deal:
See a podiatrist. If the toe is still flexible, splints or special tape may help extend and flatten it. If the toe is rigid, surgery can straighten the toe by releasing soft tissue and repositioning tendons or bone. Wear shoes with more toe space and use nonmedicated corn pads to ease pain or pressure. Try these gentle stretches from the APMA to strengthen toes and feet: Place corks or foam separators between your toes and squeeze for five seconds. Repeat 10 times. Next, place a thick rubber band around all five toes and stretch the band as wide as you can with your toes; hold for five seconds. Repeat on each foot 10 times.
Metatarsalgia
What it is:
Irritation of the metatarsals, the five long bones located at the top of your foot, just behind the toes.
Causes:
Intense training in high-impact sports, like running; weight gain.
How to deal:
Rest your foot and do not resume strenuous activity until the pain is completely gone (about six weeks). Ice the area for 15 to 20 minutes at a time, several times a day. Use metatarsal pads to deflect pain away from the sore spots, and wear shock-absorbing insoles. Eat foods with curcumin, an anti-inflammatory herb, or take antiinflammatory medication if pain persists. Consult your doctor to see if you need arch supports. In some cases, you may need surgery to realign the metatarsal bones.
Plantar Fasciitis
What it is:
An inflammation of the plantar fascia (the fibrous band of tissue that starts at the heel and runs along the bottom of the foot) that causes sharp pain in the arch or heel.
Causes:
Flattened arches; switching between high heels and flats.
How to deal:
Wear shoes with arch support. "Don't ever go barefoot, especially first thing in the morning [when pain tends to be worse]," says Stephen Sadler, a certified pedorthist and owner of InStep in Austin, Texas, who says nearly 85 percent of his patients suffer from plantar fasciitis. Avoid putting excessive strain on your feet; if you exercise, increase training slowly.
Try this stretch:
Sit with one leg straight out in front of you and the other bent to the side. Place a strap or a towel around the ball of the foot of the extended leg . Gently pull back on the ends until the foot begins to stretch. Place your foot on a golf ball (or other small, hard ball) and roll it back and forth with light pressure on the sole. Consult your podiatrist about custom orthotics or a special splint to stretch the calf muscles and fascia while you sleep.
It seems like everyone has a tattoo these days. What used to be the property of sailors, outlaws, and biker gangs is now a popular body decoration for many people. And it's not just anchors, skulls, and battleships anymore — from school emblems to Celtic designs to personalized symbols, people have found many ways to express themselves with their tattoos. Maybe you've thought about getting one. But before you head down to the nearest tattoo shop and roll up your sleeve, there are a few things you need to know.
So What Exactly Is a Tattoo?
A tattoo is a puncture wound, made deep in your skin, that's filled with ink. It's made by penetrating your skin with a needle and injecting ink into the area, usually creating some sort of design. What makes tattoos so long-lasting is they're so deep — the ink isn't injected into the epidermis (the top layer of skin that you continue to produce and shed throughout your lifetime). Instead, the ink is injected into the dermis, which is the second, deeper layer of skin. Dermis cells are very stable, so the tattoo is practically permanent.
Tattoos used to be done manually — that is, the tattoo artist would puncture the skin with a needle and inject the ink by hand. Though this process is still used in some parts of the world, most tattoo shops use a tattoo machine these days. A tattoo machine is a handheld electric instrument that uses a tube and needle system. On one end is a sterilized needle, which is attached to tubes that contain ink. A foot switch is used to turn on the machine, which moves the needle in and out while driving the ink about 1/8 inch (about 3 millimeters) into your skin.
Most tattoo artists know how deep to drive the needle into your skin, but not going deep enough will produce a ragged tattoo, and going too deep can cause bleeding and intense pain. Getting a tattoo can take several hours, depending on the size and design chosen.
Does It Hurt to Get a Tattoo?
Getting a tattoo can hurt, but the level of pain can vary. Because getting a tattoo involves being stuck multiple times with a needle, it can feel like getting a bunch of shots or being stung by a hornet multiple times. Some people describe the tattoo sensation as "tingling." It all depends on your pain threshold, how good the person wielding the tattoo machine is, and where exactly on your body you're getting the tattoo. Also, keep in mind that you'll probably bleed a little.
If You're Thinking About It
If you're thinking about getting a tattoo, there is one very important thing you have to keep in mind — getting it done safely. Although it might look a whole lot cooler than a big scab, a new tattoo is also a wound. Like any other slice, scrape, puncture, cut, or penetration to your skin, a tattoo is at risk for infections and disease.
First, make sure you're up to date with your immunizations (especially hepatitis and tetanus shots) and plan where you'll get medical care if your tattoo becomes infected (signs of infection include excessive redness or tenderness around the tattoo, prolonged bleeding, pus, or changes in your skin color around the tattoo).
If you have a medical problem such as heart disease, allergies, diabetes, skin disorders, a condition that affects your immune system, or infections — or if you are pregnant — ask your doctor if there are any special concerns you should have or precautions you should take beforehand. Also, if you're prone to getting keloids (an overgrowth of scar tissue in the area of the wound), it's probably best to avoid getting a tattoo altogether.
It's very important to make sure the tattoo studio is clean and safe, and that all equipment used is disposable (in the case of needles, gloves, masks, etc.) and sterilized (everything else). Some states, cities, and communities set up standards for tattoo studios, but others don't. You can call your state, county, or local health department to find out about the laws in your community, ask for recommendations on licensed tattoo shops, or check for any complaints about a particular studio.
Professional studios usually take pride in their cleanliness. Here are some things to check for: * Make sure the tattoo studio has an autoclave (a device that uses steam, pressure, and heat for sterilization). You should be allowed to watch as equipment is sterilized in the autoclave.
* Check that the tattoo artist is a licensed practitioner. If so, the tattoo artist should be able to provide you with references.
* Be sure that the tattoo studio follows the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Universal Precautions. These are regulations that outline procedures to be followed when dealing with bodily fluids (in this case, blood).
If the studio looks unclean, if anything looks out of the ordinary, or if you feel in any way uncomfortable, find a better place to get your tattoo.
What's the Procedure Like?
Here's what you can expect from a normal tattooing procedure: * The tattoo artist will first wash his or her hands with a germicidal soap. * The to-be-tattooed area on your body will be cleaned and disinfected. * The tattoo artist will put on clean, fresh gloves (and possibly a surgical mask). * The tattoo artist will explain the sterilization procedure to you and open up the single-use, sterilized equipment (such as needles, etc.). * Using the tattoo machine (with a sterile, single-use needle attached), the tattoo artist will begin drawing an outline of the tattoo under your skin. * The outline will be cleaned with antiseptic soap and water. * Sterile, thicker needles will be installed on the tattoo machine, and the tattoo artist will start shading the design. After cleaning the area again, color will be injected. * Any blood will be removed by a sterile, disposable cloth or towel. * When finished, the area, now sporting a finished tattoo, will be cleaned once again and a bandage will be applied.
Taking Care of a Tattoo
The last step in getting a tattoo is very important — taking care of the tattoo until it fully heals. Follow all of the instructions the studio gives you for caring for your tattoo to make sure it heals properly. Also, keep in mind that it's very important to call your doctor right away if you see or feel any signs of infection such as pain, spreading redness, swelling, or drainage of pus.
To make sure your tattoo heals properly: * Keep a bandage on the area for up to 24 hours. * Avoid touching the tattooed area and don't pick at any scabs that may form. * Wash the tattoo with an antibacterial soap (don't use alcohol or peroxide — they'll dry out the tattoo). Use a soft towel to dry the tattoo — just pat it dry and be sure not to rub it. If you don't have an allergy to antibiotic ointment, rub some into the tattoo. Don't use petroleum jelly — it may cause the tattoo to fade. * Put an ice pack on the tattooed area if you see any redness or swelling. * Try not to get the tattoo wet until it fully heals. Stay away from pools, hot tubs, or long, hot baths. * Keep your tattoo away from the sun until it's fully healed. * Even after it's fully healed, a tattoo is more susceptible to the sun's rays, so it's a good idea to always keep it protected from direct sunlight. If you're outside often or hang out at the beach, it's recommended that you always wear a sunscreen with a minimum sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 on the tattoo. This not only protects your skin, but keeps the tattoo from fading.
What Are the Risks?
If you decide to get a tattoo, chances are everything will go as planned. But if disinfection and sterilization steps aren't followed, there are some things you need to be aware of that can go wrong. If you don't go to a tattoo studio or the tattoo studio doesn't follow precautions like using sterilized equipment or if it shares ink between customers, you're putting yourself at risk for getting viral infections such as hepatitis, bacterial skin infections, or dermatitis (severe skin irritation).
Also, some people have allergic reactions to the tattoo ink. And if you already have a skin condition such as eczema, you may have flare-ups as a result of the tattoo. Serious complications can result if you attempt to do a tattoo yourself, have a friend do it for you, or have it done in any unclean environment. Because tattooing involves injections under the skin, viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B and C can be transferred into your body if proper precautions aren't followed. For this reason, the American Red Cross and some other blood banks require people to wait 12 months after getting a tattoo before they can donate blood.
Tattoo Removal
A lot of people love their tattoos and keep them forever. But others decide a couple of years down the road that they really don't like that rose on their ankle or snake on their bicep anymore. Or maybe you broke up with your boyfriend or girlfriend and no longer want his or her initials on your stomach.
What then?
In the past, tattoo removal required surgery, but now there are several other methods that can be used. One common method is laser removal. Some tattoo shops also offer tattoo removal, but it's a better idea to make sure the person doing the removal is a medical doctor. Before you go just anywhere to get your tattoo removed, check with your doctor or contact the American Dermatological Association to find a reputable laser removal specialist in your area. Although it's called tattoo removal, completely removing a tattoo can be difficult depending on factors like how old the tattoo is, how big the tattoo is, and the types and colors of inks that were used. Removal of the entire tattoo is not always guaranteed. It's best to consult with a dermatologist who specializes in tattoo removal to get your questions answered — such as whether anesthesia is used. The dermatologist can also give you a good idea of how much (if not all) of the tattoo can be removed.
Laser tattoo removal usually requires a number of visits, with each procedure lasting only a few minutes. Anesthesia may or may not be used. What happens is the laser sends short zaps of light through the top layers of your skin, with the laser's energy aimed at specific pigments in the tattoo. Those zapped pigments are then removed by your body's immune system. Removing a tattoo by laser can be uncomfortable and can feel a lot like getting a tattoo. The entire process usually takes several months.
Just like when you get a tattoo, you must look after the wound area after a tattoo is removed. The area should be kept clean, but it shouldn't be scrubbed. Also, it might turn red for a few days and a scab might form. Don't rub or scrub the area or pick at the scab. Let it heal on its own.
Laser tattoo removal is usually effective for the most part, but there can be some side effects. The area can become infected or scarred, and it can also be susceptible to hyperpigmentation, which causes the area where your tattoo used to be to become darker than your normal skin, or hypopigmentation, which causes the area where your tattoo used to be to become lighter than your normal skin color.
Now for the big part — tattoo removal can be pretty expensive. Depending on factors like the size and design of the tattoo, removal can cost significantly more than the actual tattoo.
So Is It Worth It?
Is getting a tattoo worth the money and hassle? It's up to you. Some people really enjoy their tattoos and keep them for life, whereas others might regret that they acted on impulse and didn't think enough about it before they got one.
Getting a tattoo is a big deal, especially because they're designed to be permanent.
If you've thought about it and decided you want a tattoo, make sure you do a little detective work and find a clean, safe, and professional tattoo shop. Also, remember that getting and maintaining a tattoo involves some responsibility — after you leave the tattoo shop, it's up to you to protect and treatit to prevent infections or other complications.
Do you or anyone known to you have a tattoo?
Do share in your views & experiences about tattooing
Anaemia is a condition which occurs when you have an abnormally low amount of red blood cells. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, a red pigment which gives blood its colour. The job of haemoglobin is to carry oxygen around the body. When red blood cells and therefore haemoglobin are low the blood fails to supply the body's tissues with sufficient amounts of oxygen. As your lungs and heart will then have to work harder to get oxygen into the blood, symptoms of anaemia, such as difficulty in breathing will begin to develop. Anaemia mainly affects women during pregnancy or women who suffer with heavy periods.
What causes anaemia?
There is not usually one cause of anaemia, however, the following are reasons why anaemia may develop: * Heavy periods. * Diet low in iron. * Internal bleeding, for example if you have an ulcer or a tumour. * Diet low in vitamin B12 or folic acid. * Blood diseases such as leukaemia. * Infections, such as malaria.
What are the different types of anaemia?
The main types of anaemia are caused by shortages of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid, all of which are needed (among other things) to produce red blood cells, so if one or more of these are missing or running low then anaemia will develop.
Iron deficiency anaemia
The most common type of anaemia is iron deficiency anaemia, which basically means the body is running low on iron. The body needs iron to successfully produce haemoglobin the substance that carries oxygen throughout the body. The main reason why people may have a shortage of iron is because the body is losing blood faster than the body can remake it. This can be caused by gastritis, piles, stomach cancer, ulcers or bowel cancer. In women the most common reason for iron deficiency is menstrual bleeding (periods). Another possible reason for a shortage of iron is diet, which is low in iron. Good sources of iron include fruit, dark green vegetables, wholemeal bread, fortified breakfast cereals, beans and meat.
Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia
The main cause of vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (also called pernicious anaemia) is when there is inadequate absorption of vitamin B12 from the diet. This can be due to ulcers, stomach cancer, diseases of the small intestine or from the after effects of surgery. A vegan or vegetarian is at risk of developing pernicious anaemia because vitamin B12 is only found in foods of animal origin. Vitamin B12 can be found in liver, meat and dairy products. Vitamin B12 is also essential for the nervous system, so if you have a lack of vitamin B12 you can also develop inflammation of the nerves or dementia.
Folic Acid deficiency
The main reason why you may have a lack of folic acid is due to a poor diet and if you drink excessive alcohol it can reduce the uptake of folic acid. Folic acid can be found in fresh fruit, raw green vegetables, beans and whole grain cereals. Folic acid deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia may also be known as megaloblastic anaemia.
What symptoms are linked with anaemia?
As anaemia causes a shortage of oxygen, the main symptom is usually chronic tiredness and palpitations. Other symptoms you may get could include: * Pale appearance * Shortness of breath and dizziness * Fainting * Angina * A red, sore tongue and a reduced sense of taste, this is usually only a symptom with folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia.
Is there anything I can do to avoid becoming anaemic?
To avoid getting anaemia you should stick to a healthy balanced diet and ensure you eat food that contains good sources of iron, folic acid and vitamin B12. You should also cut down on alcohol consumption. If you are a strict vegetarian you should take vitamin B12 supplements to avoid deficiency.
How is anaemia diagnosed?
Very few tests are needed to diagnose anaemia, the main test is a full blood count, this is basically a blood test that looks at the number, size and shape of red blood cells. The doctor may also measure iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels. If anaemia is diagnosed and there is no obvious cause, your doctor may suggest you have an x-ray to ensure there is no internal bleeding.
How is anaemia treated?
The treatment you receive will depend greatly on the cause of anaemia. Treatment is usually simple and may be resolved with an improved diet or by taking supplements. If the cause of your anaemia is vitamin B12 deficiency then your doctor may prescribe vitamin B12 injections. These injections will need to be given every 3 months, usually throughout the patient's life. It is also possible to have iron injections but this is not often necessary. If your anaemia has been caused by internal bleeding e.g. ulcers then medicines or surgery may be required. If anaemia is severe then you may also need to have a blood transfusion.
What happens if anaemia is left untreated?
If anaemia is left untreated your symptoms will get worse and you may become very tired and weak, you may also develop angina or suffer with leg pains when walking. The body's ability to fight infection may also be weakened so you may find you pick up infections more easily.
LDL and HDL Cholesterol: What's Bad and What's Good??
Cholesterol can’t dissolve in the blood. It has to be transported to and from the cells by carriers called lipoproteins. Low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, is known as “bad” cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein, or HDL, is known as “good” cholesterol. These two types of lipids, along with triglycerides and Lp(a) cholesterol, make up your total cholesterol count, which can be determined through a blood test.
LDL (Bad) Cholesterol :
When too much LDL (bad) cholesterol circulates in the blood, it can slowly build up in the inner walls of the arteries that feed the heart and brain. Together with other substances, it can form plaque, a thick, hard deposit that can narrow the arteries and make them less flexible. This condition is known as atherosclerosis. If a clot forms and blocks a narrowed artery, heart attack or stroke can result.
HDL (good) Cholesterol :
About one-fourth to one-third of blood cholesterol is carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL cholesterol is known as “good” cholesterol, because high levels of HDL seem to protect against heart attack. Low levels of HDL (less than 40 mg/dL) also increase the risk of heart disease. Medical experts think that HDL tends to carry cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it's passed from the body. Some experts believe that that HDL removes excess cholesterol from arterial plaque, thus slowing its buildup. TriglyceridesTriglyceride is a form of fat made in the body. Elevated triglycerides can be due to overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, excess alcohol consumption and a diet very high in carbohydrates (60 percent of total calories or more). People with high triglycerides often have a high total cholesterol level, including a high LDL (bad) level and a low HDL (good) level. Many people with heart disease and/or diabetes also have high triglyceride levels.
Lp(a) Cholesterol :
Lp(a) is a genetic variation of LDL (bad) cholesterol. A high level of Lp(a) is a significant risk factor for the premature development of fatty deposits in arteries. Lp(a) isn’t fully understood, but it may interact with substances found in artery walls and contribute to the buildup of fatty deposits.
Good & Bad Fats :
The "good fat/bad fat" you've heard about refers to fat's potential to cause disease. All fats have the same amount of calories, but they vary in their chemical compositions and effects on health. Fats are made of chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The saturation refers to whether all the available spaces on the carbon chain are bonded to hydrogen atoms, or if there are any hydrogen atoms missing. The three forms of fat found in nature are:
Saturated Fats :
These fats have all of their carbon atoms filled (saturated) with hydrogen. Saturated fat is primarily found in high-fat cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole and 2 percent dairy products, butter, cheese, and tropical oils: coconut, palm, and palm kernel. Our body needs a small amount (about 20 grams) of saturated fat each day, but the typical American diet usually exceeds that amount. Too much saturated fat may cause a person's bad cholesterol (LDL) to rise and may also increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer. You can look for the amount of saturated fats in a serving of food on the nutrition label, under the heading "Saturated Fat" below the larger heading of "Total Fat."
Monounsaturated Fats :
These fats have one space missing a hydrogen atom, instead containing a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms. Monounsaturated fat is found in olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, and in most nuts and nut butters. This type of fat does not cause cholesterol to increase. When a person substitutes monounsaturated fat for saturated fat, it helps to lower the bad cholesterol and protects the good cholesterol (HDL) from going down. The amount of monosaturated fats (and polyunsaturated fats, see below) is not listed separately on the food label, but it can be calculated by subtracting the saturated and trans fats (see below) from the total fat.
Polyunsaturated Fats
These fats have more than one hydrogen atom missing in the carbon chain and therefore contain moreThese fats have more than one hydrogen atom missing in the carbon chain and therefore contain more than one double bond. The two major categories of polyunsaturated fats are Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids. Omega-3 means there is a double bond in the third space from the end of the carbon chain. These fats are extremely healthful in that they protect against sudden death from heart attack. They can also help people lower their triglycerides. Omega-3s are used by the body to produce hormone-like substances with anti-inflammatory effects. The best sources of Omega-3s are fatty fish, such as salmon, sardines, mackerel, herring, and rainbow trout, among others. Canola oil, walnuts, and flaxseed also contain some Omega-3s.
Omega-6 fats have a double bond in the sixth space from the end of the carbon chain. These fats are found in oils such as corn, soybean, cottonseed, sunflower, and safflower. Omega-6 fatty acids are used in hormone-like substances that promote inflammation. Replacing saturated fats with Omega-6 fats may reduce levels of total, bad, and good cholesterol. Many health experts suggest that the ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids should be 4:1 for optimal health. These fats are not listed separately on the food label. The other type of fat that is found in food, but isn't natural, is:
Hydrogenated Fats (also known as Trans Fats) :
These are manufactured by adding hydrogen to a polyunsaturated fat, making it solid at room temperature. However, instead of having the qualities of a polyunsaturated fat, it takes on some of the traits of a saturated fat. In the past, trans fats were widely used in foods as a replacement for saturated fats. Then it was discovered that trans fat was even worse than saturated fat in terms of its effects on health. In addition to raising LDL cholesterol, as saturated fat does, it also decreases the level of HDL cholesterol.
Many companies have found ways to eliminate trans fats from their products, and starting from January 2006, the amount of trans fats in a food must be shown on the nutrition label. Be aware that products containing half a gram or less of trans fat per serving are allowed to report zero grams of trans fat on the nutrition label. The best way to check for trans fat is to read the ingredients label; if you see the words "partially hydrogenated" or "hydrogenated" in front the word oil, the food probably has a small amount of trans fat. This doesn't mean you shouldn't eat the food, but you should limit the amount you eat — a little can add up to a lot. Some foods contain small amounts of naturally-occurring trans fats, but these fats, unlike man-made trans fats, probably do not increase the risk of heart disease and other conditions. Moreover, some manufacturers are now replacing trans fat with saturated fats, so be sure to check the nutrition label to keep your total intake of unhealthy fats in check.
Positive points about Fats:
Although too much can have negative results, fats are certainly required for good health. Here are some of the positives — fats: * carry flavors * impart desirable textures — smooth, creamy, and crispy, to name a few * give us a sense of fullness and satisfy hunger * are needed to absorb and store certain vitamins and plant chemicals * can contribute to a person's enjoyment of food * are essential building blocks in cell production, maintenance, and repair * provide and store energy for the body's use
Bear in mind, though, that the calories from fat can add up fast since they are more concentrated in fat than in protein or carbohydrate. Also, as mentioned above, consuming too much saturated and trans fat may result in negative health consequences in some people. The secret is not to stay to one extreme or another; try to be flexible in your fat intake. What does that mean? Balance your meals and snacks. If you find you have a high fat meal (especially high in saturated fat), make the next one lower in fat. Or, if you choose a higher fat food, complement it with a lower fat one. We don't have to live an "all or nothing" philosophy when it comes to fat.
Has Cholesterol been your concern when deciding what to eat?
Did my article answer your queries about cholesterol?
Braces are one of the things you can do for your kids to insure their health throughout their lifetime. Surveys have indicated that people who have had braces look better and feel better about themselves. They live longer and have a statistically lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Braces are not only for kids. Presently, 20% of the orthodontic patients are over 18; people as old as 60 have had successful orthodontic treatment.
Read on to find out more about braces. The risks and rewards, and what you can do to improve your health and your children's health.
Why get braces?
Orthodontic treatment improves your smile.Your smile is the most striking part of your face. Look in the mirror. Do you like your smile now? Can your smile be improved?
Think about how you react to someone with a pretty smile. Do you find them more attractive? Will you be more attractive with an appealing smile? Orthodontic treatment will make your smile look fabulous. The fabulous smile will last for the rest of your life. Think about how a fabulous smile will improve your life. Orthodontic treatment will also make your face look delightful. Wouldn't a delightful face be wonderful? The picture below show an example of how much orthodontic treatment can improve your face.
Tom Cruise, Isaac Hanson, Jennifer Elise Cox, one of the stars of the Brady Bunch, and Canadian rock star EMJAY, have had braces within the last year. Gwen Stephani from the band no doubt wears braces occasionally because the make her feel young. Many other famous people have had braces. You can get the same braces as Tom Cruise Isaac Hanson or Jennifer Elise Cox. People also make stylish braces that enhance your face
Chewing is the first step in digestion. If your teeth are crooked, you will not be able to chew your food properly which can lead to recurrent indigestion.
* You will avoid dental problems
Crooked teeth are hard to clean so that people with crooked teeth tend to have more cavities and gum problems than people who have orthodontic treatment. Crooked teeth wear in ways that they should not. This puts extra stress on your teeth, gums and jaw which can lead to problems later on.
* You may avoid developing a breathing problem.
As you get older the roof your mouth can sometimes partially block the air passages in your nose. If you have orthodontic treatment you may avoid this possibility.
* Statistically, people who have had braces as children have lower incidence of cardiovascular disease as adults
Children who get braces learn to take care of themselves, and that translates into a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease. There is also some recent data which indicates that oral bacteria might play a direct role in cardiovascular disease, by dissolving calcium in your mouth and depositing it into your arteries. Orthodontics helps prevent oral infections which may have a direct effect on heart disease.
Typically orthodontic treatment costs between $3,000 and $7,000 in the USA. The cost goes up to $18,000 in Tokyo! This may seem like a lot, but think about how much you spend to maintain your car. You will probably visit the orthodontist 75 to 100 times during the course of your treatment. At that rate, the cost of orthodontic treatment works out to be $30 to $100 per visit.
Can you get your car serviced as inexpensively? A typical car lasts 8-10 years. If you add up the cost of maintenance of the car over that 8-10 year period you will find that the car costs much more than $3000 to $8000 to maintain. The cost of orthodontic treatment is less than the cost of maintaining your car over the lifetime of your car. Your smile will last as long as you live, perhaps 90 years. Wouldn't be great if your car would last for 90 years and only need $3000 to $7000 of maintenance?
There are some risks, but they usually are not serious.
Occasionally a patient will develop an allergy to their braces. Your orthodontist should catch the allergy before it is serious. There also may be a small risk of developing problems with the joint in your jaw although a study in the May 1996 American Journal of Orthodontics indicates that if orthodontics are done properly, you will not develop a jaw problem.
You do need to be careful choosing your orthodontist.
Some orthodontists take orthodontic materials out of one patients mouth and "recycle" them to another patients mouth. You also need to be careful that your orthodontist sterilizes his instruments properly and that he takes all of the x-rays needed to detect and avoid jaw problems.
You will be able to do everthing you do now. Swim, kiss, talk. You will not be able to eat a few things such as bubble gum and peanut butter, and you will have to wear a mouthguard when you participate in sports. However, your lifestyle will hardly be affected, and you will end up with a fabulous smile.
You usually think about your jaw as being solid like a rock, but when you are growing your jaw is really more like clay. If you apply pressure to your jaw, you can get your jaw to stretch. If you pull your jaw apart, your jaw will get wider. If you push your jaw back, it will slowly move back. Your jaw does not actually stretch. Instead, when you pull on your jaw, your jaw grows in the direction you are pulling. Still, the important thing is that when your braces pull on your jaw, the braces change the shape of your jaw.
In the same way, if you push on your teeth, your teeth will move around in your mouth. The orthodontist uses that fact that he can apply force to get your jaw and teeth to move, to stretch your mouth so all your teeth fit. If your top jaw is too small, the orthodontist can install a special gadget called a "palatal expander" to get your jaw to grow wider. If your teeth stick out, your orthodontist can install another gadget called a "facebow" to push the back teeth back. In that way, orthodontist is able to move around individual teeth and expand your jaw so that all of your teeth fit correctly in your mouth.
If poor orthodontia causes so many health problems, why didn't evolution/natural selection eliminate orthodontic problems?
Good Question!
Back, 10,000 years ago, in the days of the cave men people had nearly perfect bites. No one needed orthodontics. But then adult cave men were only four feet tall. Teenagers were two or three feet tall. In the last 10,000 years, people got bigger. People's mouths got a little bigger but people's teeth got A LOT BIGGER. The result is that most peoples teeth no longer fit correctly in most people's mouth. The orthodontist moves around your teeth and possibly stretches your mouth so everything fits correctly. Look how big your front teeth are now. Would those teeth fit if you were only three feet tall?
Are there other causes of orthodontic problems?
Hmm. We do not know.
It has been said that if babies use a pacifier (dummy) for too long, they can develop an orthodontic problem. Orthodontic problems can also be caused by injuries to your mouth, or if you suck your thumb when you are older than two. Some orthodontists also say that fingernail biting, or lip biting can also cause orthodontic problems. Still, most people develop orthodontic problems because their teeth grow faster than their mouth.
Have you / anyone known to you ever had braces? If yes,do share with us your experiences with the braces.
This skin disorder causes an accumulation of dead skin cells that form thick silvery scales. Psoriasis commonly occurs on your knees, elbows and trunk, but it can also affect your scalp.
Colourings used in some hair dyes could cause cancer, it has been claimed.
In many cultures, feet have an exalted status. Catholic worshipers kiss the pontiff's toe, and yogis bow in salutation to their gurus' feet, then lavish them with flowers to show both humility and reverence. But in much of American culture, feet are adored only fleetingly-usually after a pedicure, when they look perfect-and their mechanical genius is largely taken for granted until problems set in. The foot is a complicated, elegant structure, with 28 bones and more than 100 muscles, tendons, and ligaments. As a dynamic foundation, feet constantly adjust to whatever you're doing, whether you're taking a leisurely stroll or running a 5K race.
It seems like everyone has a tattoo these days. What used to be the property of sailors, outlaws, and biker gangs is now a popular body decoration for many people. And it's not just anchors, skulls, and battleships anymore — from school emblems to Celtic designs to personalized symbols, people have found many ways to express themselves with their tattoos. Maybe you've thought about getting one. But before you head down to the nearest tattoo shop and roll up your sleeve, there are a few things you need to know.
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Tom Cruise, Isaac Hanson, Jennifer Elise Cox, one of the stars of the Brady Bunch, and Canadian rock star EMJAY, have had braces within the last year. Gwen Stephani from the band no doubt wears braces occasionally because the make her feel young. Many other famous people have had braces. 
